ABSTRACT
Background: Carcinoma breast is one of the most common malignancies of women in India. The current study was conducted with the objective of assessing estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), Her-2/neu (human epidermal growth factor receptor-2) expression and Ki67 index of breast carcinomas and its correlation with histological grade, tumour size and lymph node metastasis.Methods: Forty-seven lumpectomy or modified mastectomy specimens diagnosed as Infiltrating duct carcinoma (IDC): NOS, were selected for panel of imuno histochemistry (IHC) markers on tissue microarray blocks prepared from each case.Results: Maximum of our patients belonged to premenopausal 24/47 (51%) and 20% to younger age group (<30 year). Tumour size of 2-5 cm was observed in maximum females 29 (61%); while 13(27%) had size >5.0cm. The majority of cases diagnosed as grade I (40%) and lymph node involvement was seen in 31/47 (65%). Molecular classification revealed 10 (21%) luminal A, 4 (8%) luminal B, 9 (19%) Her2/neu positive, while triple negative phenotype comprised of maximum 24 (51%) patients. Most of the Luminal group tumours were low grade (14/15); while majority of Her2/neu positive 7/9(77%) and triple negative tumours 19/24 (80%) belonged to higher grades.Conclusions: Breast carcinoma among our patient is characterized by a large percentage of triple negative phenotype that is less susceptible to hormonal therapy. The empirical treatment with tamoxifen should therefore be reconsidered as it would be less effective. Assessment of prognostic markers in breast carcinoma is strongly advocated in order to provide the best therapeutic options.
ABSTRACT
Adenoid cystic carcinoma occurring in the external auditory canal is very rare. Two cases are being reported. One was diagnosed on cytology based on which surgery was planned. In the second case, fine needle aspiration procedure had to be abandoned due to severe pain and a biopsy was required for its diagnosis. Morphologically, it resembles its more common salivary gland counterpart. Though severe pain during needling may be a limiting factor, adenoid cystic carcinoma of external auditory canal can be confidently diagnosed on cytology based on which surgical management can be planned.
ABSTRACT
Sickle cell anaemia is a common and widespread haemoglobinopathy with large clinical heterogeneity. The present study, was undertaken to determine seven different haematological parameters (Haemoglobin percent, RBC count, PCV, MCV MCH, MCHC, Reticulocyte count) on total 102 heterozygous (SA) and homozygous (SS) sickle cell children under six years of age. In addition, fetal haemoglobin (HbF) level was estimated in SS children and correlated with clinical status, gender and ethnic background. Mean HbF was 16.79%. Higher HbF level was associated with less severe clinical feature. HbF was not influenced by gender and ethnic background. In homozygous children mean values of MCV, MCH, MCHC were decreased while reticulocyte count was increased as compared to control (AA) children and (SA) children (P < 0.05) We conclude that, in sickle cell disease, HbF was a good prognostic indicator. Higher HbF level along with microcytic hyopochromic indices and lower MCHC was found to be a feature of the study population.